Discover! >> Scientists Are Baffled By A Lemon Shaped Planet That Defies All Explanations

Scientists have been baffled by a bizarre lemon–shaped planet that ‘defies explanation’.

The Jupiter–size planet was discovered by NASA‘s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and is so strange that it challenges everything we know about how planets form.

Dubbed PSR J2322–2650b, the gas giant has an exotic carbon and helium atmosphere that is unlike any other known exoplanet. Soot clouds float through the super–heated reaches of its upper atmosphere and condense into diamonds deep in the planet’s heart.

This unusual composition is made even stranger by the fact that this planet doesn’t orbit a star like our sun. Instead, this world orbits a type of neutron star known as a pulsar – the ultra–dense core of a dead star that compresses the mass of the sun into something the size of a city.

Located 750 light–years from Earth, this pulsar is constantly bombarding its captive planet with gamma rays and stretching it under gravity into a unique ‘lemon’ shape.

This produces some of the most extreme temperature differences ever seen on a planet, with temperatures ranging from 650°C (1,200°F) at night to 2,030°C (3,700°F) in the day.

Even by the standards of exotic exoplanets, PSR J2322–2650b stands out as exceptionally odd.

And, in a new paper, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, researchers used the JWST to reveal that the planet is even stranger.

Co–author of the study Dr Peter Gao, of the Carnegie Earth and Planets Laboratory, says: ‘I remember after we got the data down, our collective reaction was “What the heck is this?” It’s extremely different from what we expected.’

Of the 6,000 or so known exoplanets, this is the only gas giant that orbits a neutron star.

This is hardly surprising given that neutron stars tend to tear their neighbours apart with gravity or evaporate them with a bombardment of powerful radiation. PSR J2322–2650b is also extraordinarily close to its star at just one million miles (1.6 million km) away, compared to the distance of 100 million miles (160 million km) between Earth and the Sun.

That means a year on this strange world takes just 7.8 hours as it whizzes around the neutron star at incredible speed.

But what really makes the planet a total anomaly is the composition of its atmosphere. Co–author Dr Michael Zhang, of the University of Chicago, says: ‘This is a new type of planet atmosphere that nobody has ever seen before. Instead of finding the normal molecules we expect to see on an exoplanet — like water, methane, and carbon dioxide — we saw molecular carbon, specifically C3 and C2.’

This is really weird because, at temperatures as high as they are on the planet, carbon should bond with any other atoms in the atmosphereThat means molecular carbon can only be dominant when there is almost no oxygen or nitrogen present.

Out of the roughly 150 planets that scientists have analysed in depth, not a single one has molecular carbon in its atmosphere. However, scientists still genuinely have no idea how such a weird planet could have formed.